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Books and publications on the
interaction of systems in real time by A. C. Sturt |
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The Origin of Quanta - A Proposed New Decomposition |
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of the Phenomena of the Physical World by
A. C. Sturt |
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1.
The Anatomy of a Contradiction 4. Quanta and the
Emission/reception of Energy 5.
Compatibility with Fundamental Laws 10. Compatibility with
Previous Papers a. The Special Theory effect b. The redshift c. Inertial Resistance Field d. Stochastic regeneration 11.
Possible Tests of the Model a. Loss of energy in space b. The Inertial Field effect c. Energy pulses d. Time dilation List of Appendices and
References Appendix
1 Redshift – a Suggested Experiment 1.
The Anatomy of a Contradiction 4. Quanta and the Emission/reception
of Energy 5.
Compatibility with Fundamental Laws 10. Compatibility with
Previous Papers e. The Special Theory effect f.
The redshift g. Inertial Resistance Field h. Stochastic regeneration 11.
Possible Tests of the Model e. Loss of energy in space f.
The Inertial Field effect g. Energy pulses h. Time dilation List of Appendices and
References Appendix 1 Redshift – a
Suggested Experiment |
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So then always that knowledge is worthiest … which considereth the simple forms of things, which are few in number, and the degrees and co-ordinations whereof make all this variety. Francis Bacon Summary
There is a fundamental contradiction in the model of the
physical world seen through the eyes of present-day physics. On the one hand
there is the assumption of homogeneity through time, which underlies all
modern science. On the other there is the assertion that under some
conditions matter and energy are interchangeable. They cannot both be
correct, in spite of speculations about uncertainty, the difficulties of
observation etc. This paper proposes a new model which comprehends both
matter and energy in a single, consistent framework. 1. The Anatomy of a Contradiction
Homogeneity through time is so embedded in scientific
thinking that it is scarcely even mentioned. A hydrogen atom is considered to
be identical to every other hydrogen atom at any time; no other assumption
would be sustainable. This must also mean that it is identical to any other
hydrogen atom in any other part of the Universe. Thus homogeneity through
time is inseparable from homogeneity through space. In the same way, at the
molecular level you cannot tell one sample of absolutely pure water from
another except by the bottles which contain them. That is what is meant by
absolutely pure water. The water molecule is homogeneous through time. This principle extends downward to every constituent part
of the physical world: electrons, protons, neutrons and, below them in the
hierarchy, the whole gamut of component particles down to the most
fundamental building blocks of all. Any new particle which is identified in
accelerators, or is postulated to exist in the galactic regions of the
Universe will also be considered a species in its own right: it will be
homogeneous through time and space. The entire Universe is therefore considered to be composed
of such particles in various forms of association. More precisely, it is
composed of particles, either as individuals or combined with other particles
to form the hierarchy of larger entities which we call protons, neutrons,
atoms, molecules etc. All the larger entities or particles are composed of
the particles lower down the hierarchy. They should be described as being
‘composed’ of such particles, rather than simply consisting of them, which
implies an arithmetical relationship, because the particles undergo
interaction with each other when they form the larger entities, even though
they retain their identity. The larger entities cannot be assumed to be the
sum of the parts either as a whole or in specific properties, because of
these interactions. They are composed of both the component particles and the
interactions between them. The strength of the interaction depends on the
nature of the component parts. Energy, on the other hand, is what makes processes work or
systems perform. It is classified as thermal energy, potential energy,
kinetic energy, electrical energy, electromagnetic energy and so on.
Electromagnetic energy itself consists of packets of energy called quanta,
which are themselves considered to be homogeneous through time. All forms of energy, whatever their category, are
equivalent, as expressed in the First Law of Thermodynamics. It is this
equivalence which permits the infinite variety of systems in the physical
world to be compared in quantitative terms, whatever particles they contain. However, it remains to be answered how particles which are
homogeneous through time can under some conditions become energy which drives
processes. What exactly does this mean? What happens to a particle during
this transformation? Is Einstein’s equation which links energy and mass to be
taken to mean that one phenomenon can mutate readily into the other? Or is it
intended to indicate the maximum energy which could be derived from a
composition of particles of a given mass? 2. The New Model
The model proposed in this paper is that:
The bonds between particles result from opposing
attractive and repulsive forces. The configuration of particles in relation
to each other at any time is determined by the balance of forces between
them. Some forces may act predominantly at short range, others over longer
distances. The strength of the bond between particles at any time will be the
resultant of all such forces, the balance of which will therefore vary with
the separation between the particles. Bond energies are nothing new in chemistry or
spectroscopy, and the vibration of atoms is widely used as a description of
thermal energy, but here the term is much wider and deeper. Thus in the new
model:
However, even when a value for velocity is
established, kinetic energy simply means that the particulate structure is
thought or observed to be moving. It is only when the particulate structure
begins to interact with another structure that the kinetic energy is revealed
i.e. when the bonds are compressed and stretched and begin to vibrate. Until
that point it is just a calculation.
It may be objected that photons are particles,
though this could be countered by the suggestions that they are really waves.
They may in fact, as argued below, be neither the one or the other. What can
be admitted is that they are discrete packets which have determinate
properties, and that they transmit energy from one place to another, which is
not at all the same thing. But more of that below.
3. A Schematic Representation
The simplest way to describe the model is to use
statistical representation. This avoids the need to worry about types and
sizes of particle (i.e. atoms, protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks,
whatever), or the feasibility of bonding, which would be of concern in
chemistry or particle physics etc. It might even be used to denote particles
which are no more than suspected at the time of the analysis. The methodology
is to write down all the possible structures in terms of their interactions,
and worry about the implications later. This procedure avoids preconceptions, which may be
misleading, that only certain types of interaction are possible, and any
discrepancy must be due to some other phenomenon, such as the translation of
mass into energy, which begs the question. This may arise from experiments
which, as is the normal practice, assume independence between different
particles of matter in measuring their properties i.e. no interactions
between them. If it is later verified that specific interactions are not
significant, they can always be discarded. If there were just two particles X and Y,
the interaction between them which would vibrate to produce energy would be XY.
Energy in or from the interaction XY would be characteristic of X
and Y and their composite structure XY. If however the particle Y was itself composed of
four other particles, A, B, C and D, the
interactions would multiply rapidly as follows. Each of the four
‘sub-particles’ would interact in twos, threes and as a unit of four, as well
as with X i.e. all the possible combinations, and so the interactions
would be: AB AC
AD AX BC BD
BX CD CX DX ABC ABD
ABX
ACD ACX
ADX BCD BCX
BDX CDX ABCD ABCX BCDX ABCDX
There is thus the potential for a wide range of particle
structures to vibrate, say from the sub-structure consisting of particles A,
B and X, which would be represented by the interaction ABX,
to the entire structure itself, with all the particles vibrating as a unit,
in this case represented by the interaction ABCDX. Each interaction would in principle be capable of
producing a vibration which was characteristic of the substructure or
structure of particles concerned. A particulate structure of any size would
soon have a very large number of interactions. |
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particles
energy
formed and reformed
redefinition of forms
of energy
electromagnetic everything is
particles or electromagnetic transmission of energy of vibration schematic
representation of interactions between particles each bond produces
its characteristic vibration |
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Copyright A. C. Sturt 27 September 2001 |
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Churinga
Publishing |